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Severe Cardiac Abnormalities That Were Present at Birth
Deep sleep is induced in the patient under general anesthesia and an incision through the sternum.
* The patients blood is circulated through a heart-lung bypass machine to keep it well oxygenated.
* Diseased heart is removed from the patient and the donor heart is stitched in place. Then disconnect the lung machine and the blood flows through the transplanted heart.
* Tubes can be inserted to drain air, fluid and blood out of the chest for several days to allow the lung to re-expand completely.
Why is the procedure:
A heart transplant may be recommended for:
* Severe Angina can no longer be treated with medications or surgery to repair coronary arteries.
* Severe heart failure when medications, other treatments and surgery are no longer appropriate. Possible causes of heart failure are:
or coronary artery disease
or cardiomyopathy (heart muscle disease)
valvular heart disease with congestive heart failure
* Severe cardiac abnormalities that were present at birth and can not be repaired with surgery.
* Rhythm-threatening abnormal heart rhythms or unresponsive to other therapy
The heart transplant surgery may not be recommended for patients who:
* Have had cancer
* Infections such as hepatitis that are considered active
* Insulin-dependent diabetes with poor function of other organs
* Liver disease, renal, neurological or pulmonary
* Malnutrition
* Other diseases that affect the blood vessels of the neck and leg
* Smoking, alcohol and drug abuse or other lifestyle habits that may damage the new heart
The doctor may also recommend against heart transplant if there is concern that the patient can not meet the many monitoring visits in the hospital and the doctor, tests and medications necessary to maintain the new healthy heart.
Heart Attack Symptoms are More Subtle in Women Than in Men
Learn to recognize cardiac symptoms
Heart attack symptoms are more subtle in women than in men. As a result, it becomes more difficult to identify in time a heart attack and, therefore, mortality risks rise. Know the signs of a heart attack in women.
1. If cardiovascular disease is only one, why make distinctions between men and women?
Until recently, general medicine and cardiology in particular women ignored in scientific studies. In the absence of specific data, the doctors ran the risk of under treatment or over-treat women. For example, heart attack symptoms are more subtle or different in women. Consequently, women themselves and even doctors can not identify an attack time. That could explain why the mortality rate after a heart attack is greater in women.
2. And what about drugs? “They act the same in men than in women?
The answer is often different. For example, some thrombolytics (drugs to remove blood clots or blood clots that block arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes) act differently in women. If used the same way as men could increase the risk of complications.
3. What are the symptoms different in women?
Both men and women, the most common symptom of a heart attack is some type of pain, tightness or discomfort in the chest. However, this symptom may not be acute, or even relevant in women. In fact, signs and chest symptoms are usually not as severe in women. Instead, they are common: 1) the discomfort in the neck, shoulders, back and abdomen; 2) shortness of breath, 3) nausea and vomiting; 4) sweats, 5) the dizziness, and confusion; 6) the feeling of tiredness …
4. What to do in case of doubt?
In the presence of symptoms of heart attack or at the slightest suspicion, women (and men) should call emergency immediately and indicate their status and act upon the instructions directed. Of course, affected or affected should not take the car in any case.
5. Few people know that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women. Why did not broadcast this reality better?
Many women still believe that the first cause of death in women is breast cancer. They have internalized the notion that heart problems are a thing of men. Even women smokers, hypertensive or obese no linkage with the risk. The great fear is indeed breast cancer.
6. What’s life with a high risk of heart attack?
The affected may not be able to attend your home, sometimes not even possible to walk or play with their children. Some women with certain types of heart disease have very poor quality of life. This scenario can be avoided with proper treatment, applied in time. For this, the physician should be capable of recognizing the symptoms.
7. What can be done to reduce the risks?
The 3 basic tips are to avoid a sedentary lifestyle, maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking. Women who are on treatment, should take their medications (-blockers, blood thinners, aspirin …) as your doctor tells them. Course, should control all risk factors: hypertension, rates of cholesterol and blood sugar. As for food, when richer in fresh and unprocessed products (fruits, vegetables, fish, legumes, nuts …) and less abundant in refined products, the better.
8. What kind of physical activity is recommended?
Being active means taking the stairs instead of taking the elevator, walking several miles a day (the ideal is to buy a pedometer and try to take 10,000 steps a day), sign up for dance classes, hiking or cycling …
9. What are you doing now medicine for women?
New studies are helping to identify gaps in knowledge and create better treatments. Physicians are increasingly aware of the differences between the sexes and act accordingly. As for women, all information is little to prevent this relentless disease.
Solution For All Heart Problems
It is not a solution for all heart problems, obviously. In fact, only be carried out in a very small number of patients who are less than 55-60 years, with some very specific heart diseases that limit their life expectancy dramatically, no more than 2 or 3 years, have all other vital organs in good condition (particularly the kidneys, liver and lungs), which are very emotionally stable and have a very helpful family.
PROCEDURE
This is first find a donor heart, which usually come from a healthy person killed in accident, no injuries that affect the heart. The donor heart is transported in a special solution with all possible speed to the recipient patient, whose chest cavity is already open and diseased heart. The new body is placed on the site of the former. Transplantation, like all major surgery of the heart, is done under general anesthesia and surgery usually lasts several hours, during part of which, the function of the heart and lungs must be assumed by one-lung machine.
REJECTION
In many organ transplants, immune system occurs that the receiver recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign or alien to itself, and makes antibodies to attack the “invader.” Therefore, after organ transplants must take drugs that suppress the normal immune response (immunosuppressants), and some of them for life. Given that lower the body’s ability to recognize and resist infection, individual doses should be adjusted carefully.
RECOVERY
When a successful heart transplant, most recipients are restored to live a relatively normal life. About 80% of them live actively within a year, and some recipients have lived more than a decade after the transplant.
In any case, the procedure is complicated, and to succeed requires a well organized team of specialists in transplantation and a motivated patient. In almost all cases, we must continue to see members of the transplant team for life, for the careful adjustment of individual doses of drugs, treatment for complications and even biopsies to monitor heart possibility of rejection.
Therefore, heart transplantation is a solution only in cases where it is the only hope of life and where there are real chances of success.
The Diagnosis and Early Treatment Can Prevent Liver Damage
What should I do if I think I was exposed to hepatitis B?
Consult your doctor immediately if you think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis B. A drug called hepatitis B immune globulin can protect you from getting hepatitis B if it is administered shortly after having been exposed to hepatitis B.
If you are at high risk for hepatitis B, get tested. Many people are unaware they are infected. The diagnosis and early treatment can prevent liver damage.
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Points to remember
* Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by hepatitis B.
* Anyone can get hepatitis B, but some people are at greater risk.
* You can get hepatitis B through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids of an infected person.
* Hepatitis B usually has no symptoms.
* Adults and children 5 and older sometimes jaundice or other symptoms.
* Hepatitis B is usually not treated unless it becomes chronic.
* Chronic hepatitis B is when the body can not get rid of the virus of hepatitis B.
* Children, especially infants, are more likely to get hepatitis B infection.
* Hepatitis B infection is treated with medicines that delay or prevent the virus damages the liver.
* You can prevent hepatitis B by getting vaccinated against hepatitis B.
* Consult your doctor immediately if you think you have been exposed to hepatitis B.
* If you are at high risk for hepatitis B, get tested. Many people are unaware they are infected. Early diagnosis and early treatment can help prevent liver damage.
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Hope through research
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), which in Spanish is called the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, conducts and supports basic and clinical research on various digestive disorders, among which is included hepatitis B. NIDDK scientists are investigating better strategies for using antiviral drugs to treat hepatitis B.
Participants in clinical studies can participate more actively in their health care, access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For more information on current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
Vaccine Against Hepatitis B
What is the treatment for hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is usually not treated unless it becomes chronic.
Hepatitis B infection is treated with drugs that slow or stop the virus that causes damage to the liver. The duration of treatment varies. Your doctor will help you decide what type of drugs or drug combinations are best for you and monitor your symptoms carefully to ensure that treatment is working.
The medications that are applied by injection include
* Interferon
* Peg interferon
The medications taken by mouth include
* Lamivudine
* Telbivudine
* Advil
* Entecavir
You may need a liver transplant if the cause chronic hepatitis B liver failure. Liver transplantation replaces a diseased liver with a healthy liver from a donor. The drugs taken after surgery help the disease not return.
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How can you prevent hepatitis B?
You can prevent hepatitis B by getting vaccinated against hepatitis B.
Vaccines are medicines that prevent disease. Vaccines teach your body to attack specific germs. The hepatitis B vaccine teaches the body to attack the virus of hepatitis B.
Adults at higher risk of contracting hepatitis B and all children should receive the vaccine. The hepatitis B vaccine is given as three injections within a period of several months. You can administer the vaccine at any age.
Illustration of a health care provider to provide a vaccine against hepatitis B in the upper arm of a patient.
Vaccines prevent you from getting the hepatitis B
The second injection should be administered at least 1 month after the first injection, and the last injection should be administered at least 2 months after the second injection but not before four months of the first injection. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe for pregnant women.
Need the three injections to be fully protected. If you plan to travel to countries where hepatitis B is common, try to get three shots before your trip. If you do not have time to get all the shots before traveling, try to be given as much as possible. An injection can provide some protection against the virus.
You can also protect yourself and protect others against hepatitis B if
* Use a condom when having sex
* Does not share with anyone needles to inject drugs
* Wear gloves if you have to touch another person’s blood
* Do not use the toothbrush, shaver from an infected person or any other object that might have blood
* Ensure that any tattoo or piercing a body part is done with sterile tools
* Do not donate blood or blood products if you have hepatitis B
When the Body Can Not Get Rid of the Virus of Hepatitis B
What are the symptoms of hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B usually has no symptoms. Adults and children 5 and older sometimes have one or more of the following symptoms:
* Yellowing of the eyes and skin, called jaundice
* Delayed bleeding longer than usual to stop
* Swelling of the stomach or ankles
* Easy bruising
* Tiredness
* Upset stomach
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Diarrhea
* Colored stools
* Dark urine and yellowish
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What is hepatitis B?
Chronic hepatitis B is when the body can not get rid of the virus of hepatitis B. Especially children, especially infants, are more likely to get hepatitis B infection. Chronic hepatitis B usually has no symptoms until they develop signs of liver damage. Without treatment, chronic hepatitis B can cause scarring of the liver, also called cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver failure.
Symptoms of cirrhosis include
* Yellowing of the eyes and skin, called jaundice
* More time than usual to stop bleeding
* Swelling of the stomach or ankles
* Tiredness
* Nausea
* Weakness
* Loss of appetite
* Weight loss
* Blood vessels in the form of spider, called Spider enigmas, which are formed near the surface of the skin
The Virus of Hepatitis B Causes of Hepatitis B
What is hepatitis B?
Hepatitis B is a liver disease. Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is the painful swelling and red that occurs when body tissues are infected or injured. The inflammation can cause organs to malfunction.
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What is the liver?
The liver is an organ that performs many important functions.
The liver
* Removes harmful chemicals from the blood
* Fights infection
* Helps digest food
* Stored nutrients and vitamins
* Stores energy
You can not live without a liver.
Illustration of the digestive system is called the esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine and small intestine. It shades the liver.
Hepatitis B is a liver disease.
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What causes hepatitis B?
The virus of hepatitis B causes of hepatitis B. Viruses are germs that cause disease. For example, influenza is caused by a virus. People can spread the virus to others.
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Who can get hepatitis B?
Anyone can get hepatitis B. But some people are more prone than others, among which include
* People born to a mother with hepatitis B
* People living with someone who has hepatitis B
* People who have lived in parts of the world where hepatitis B is common
* People who have been exposed to blood or body fluids at work
* Those on hemodialysis
* People who have more than one sexual partner in the last six months or have a history of sexually transmitted diseases
* Injecting drug users
* Men who have sex with men
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How I can get hepatitis B?
You can get hepatitis B through contact with blood, semen or other body fluids of an infected person.
You can get hepatitis B
* Have been born to a mother with hepatitis B
* Have sex with an infected person
* Get a tattoo or piercing instruments were not sterilized and were used in an infected person
* Accidentally pricked with a needle that was used by an infected person
* Use the razor or toothbrush of an infected person
* Sharing drug needles with an infected person
Illustration of a woman and a man lying in bed facing each other. Their fronts are having. A sheet covering them from the armpits down.
You can get hepatitis B by having sex with an infected person.
You can not get hepatitis B
* Shake hands with an infected person
* Hugging an infected person
* Sit with an infected person
Liver Damage May be Caused By a Virus of Hepatitis
Depending on the way in which hepatitis, speaks of: – hepatitis epidemic, when it contracts directly: intake of food in poor condition (milk, butter, seafood, etc..) – Hepatitis inoculation, when contracts during a therapeutic act that behave injection of blood or other products containing, or by using contaminated equipment (needles, syringes, etc …).
It has been shown that blood from experimentally infected volunteers inoculated many weeks before the start of the first symptoms appear and remains so throughout the clinical course of acute illness and chronic carrier stage that can persist throughout life. The ability of infected persons with chronic infection varies from highly infectious cases to those who just are. The former can evolve into the latter, but rarely seen otherwise.
Diagnostics
To check whether or not someone has hepatitis, the doctor can perform two types of tests:
* Analysis of blood, or hematologic (blood is drawn with a syringe) – By biopsy, a simple test that involves removing a small piece of liver for microscopic analysis of tissue and check whether they are damaged. The most constant changes are the increase of bilirubin in the blood and increased activity of transmittance’s (liver enzymes, known by its initials ALT or AST or ALT and AST). They are between 20 and 40 times higher in the normal range. These tests not only explain if you have hepatitis, but also determine what type, A, B or C and the severity of the disease. The diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of antibodies against hepatitis virus in the serum of patients with acute or recently been ill.
The virus and antibodies are detected by radio immunoassay test (sold test kits to detect antibodies to the virus). Other blood tests such as liver function, or enzimogramas liver may suggest liver damage may be caused by a virus of hepatitis. A liver biopsy, and laparoscopy are used to determine with certainty the degree of liver damage in the individual who is positive for antibodies to hepatitis.
Prevent the Spread of Hepatitis B
To prevent the spread of hepatitis B, there are two possibilities, as with the hepatitis A vaccine (shots), and personal care.
All babies have to wear it. The first injection is given at any time between the 4th or 8th week of life, but if the mother is a carrier is administered at 12 hours of birth, the second within 30 days s and 2 months of age (depending on when administered first) and the third between 6 and 18 months of age.
Vaccination in older children and adults
They can also be vaccinated children and adults who have done so before. The vaccination takes place over six months, during which you have to put three shots over six months. Children who are not vaccinated should. Furthermore, this preventive method is known as combined vaccine is especially indicated in:
* Travelers in endemic areas A and B virus: Africa, South America, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, China and Pacific islands (excluding Australia, New Zealand and Japan).
* Gay men with multiple partners.
* Users of intravenous drugs.
* Patients with hemophilia.
* Personal health hospitals. Although most children who receive the vaccine have no problem following the same, sometimes there may be minor problems such as redness or tenderness at the injection site. The most serious problems associated with it are very rare.
However not recommended vaccine administration:
* Before any more serious illness than a cold.
* If, after one dose of vaccine is given a severe allergic reaction.
Another possibility goes through personal care, hygiene measures that everyone should follow, for example:
* Use condoms every time you have sex.
* Do not share needles to inject drugs.
* Wear gloves if you have to touch another person’s blood.
* Do not use a toothbrush or razor from an infected person, or anything else that might have traces of his blood.
* Ensure that the instruments are clean, if getting a tattoo or piercing a body part.
Most People Who Get Hepatitis A Recover on Their Own
Symptoms of the disease are common to all forms of hepatitis A, B and C. The person who gets any form of hepatitis A, B or C, used to feel like you have the flu. There are symptoms that always occur, and that only some people have. Others even have none. Either way, if you have any of the disorders that follow, it is advisable to consult a physician. If this suspicion that this may be hepatitis, will surely make a blood test.
Common symptoms
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Fever
* Loss of appetite
* Stomach pain
* Diarrhea Symptoms that some people have only
* Darkening of urine
* Light-colored stool
* Yellowing of skin and eyes (jaundice)
Treatments
Most people who get hepatitis A recover on their own after a few weeks. However, it is very important to follow some guidelines:
* Bedridden for several days or weeks as the general state of the person;
* Follow a diet rich in protein and low in fat (for lowering the level of transmittance’s in the blood);
* Drink plenty of fluids (water or juice);
* Do not drink until you have completely recovered;
* Take the medications your doctor tells you (do not act against hepatitis, but it relieves symptoms and helps you feel better);
* Avoiding certain types of drugs like painkillers and tranquilizers.